progress, freedom, and civilisation VS. danger, dirt, and disease. Each could describe either a rural or urban area.
Haussmann
- Georges-Eugene Haussmann. Napolean III, in 1852, appointed him to ‘modernise’ paris, and control the masses. Paris in early IR, had narrow streets and very crowded. Lots of people and lots of back/side-streets to escape down.
- Haussmann rebuilt into the end of the century. Lots of wc neighbourhoods wanted revolution. Neeed to control people and to have ‘hygienist’ discourse: Is it habitable? More water supply and sanitation. Haussmann knocked buildings down to create wide boulevards, for newly brought about cars., and also for tanks. TO control masses in case of revolt; militia could fire directly into the boulevards.
peripheralisation
There was so much building work in the centre of Paris that the poor were pushed to the periphery because = expensive.
A bit panoptic
Communities = broken down; people = pushed out, and there was less community spirit and more unrest In the new place. Riots.
Neo-Haussmanisation
- Merrifield (2014) neohaussmannisation = global urban strategy that peripheralises millions.
- Creates a global banlieue (e.g. the favelas of rio de janeiro. )
- Capital accumulation = waves of (dis and ) investment.
- Banlieue= a French suburb (esp of Paris) as an outlying housing development, that=rooted in poverty.
the chicago school
Developed in 1920s. proposes a concentric zone model.
Favelas
- FAVELAS: thinking in creative ways despite being neglected by govt. People of the Asphalt = people in well-structured housing. But people of the Hill = people in informal communities sprouting up spontaneously and they are on top of eachother on the hillside.
- Grew due to slavery, as Brazil imported 11x the number of slaves as the US. IN 1888, slavery ended and they were unable to find affordable housing. 25% of Rio’s population lives in Favelas. Develop without govt guidance or permission.
- Eg rocinha. Created own autonomous economy and adminiistration. A mini city, impromptu resourcefulness.
- Mare has art centres, and support artists throughout the city/favela.
- Create community to survive the neglect of public investment. But alemao= run by drug trafficking gangs.EG the ‘Red Command’ has headquarters in Alemao. 1980s cocaine came to rio and made the gangs very rich. The red command began as a ledft wing group and now trafficks drugs. Informality and lack of regulation in the favelas .
- There was a special op: the police wanted to ‘pacify’ the favelas. Some successes in pacification but not so much in bigger favelas like alemao. Also police brutality is a bigger problem: The human right watch estimates that US police kill one person in every 37,000 arrests; in rio, it is 1 in every 23
concentric zone model
- Social disoganisatioin .lack of cohestion. There is invasion, competition, dominance, and succession. People moving to other cities/places. Lack of community cohesion esp in transitional xone
- BUT as people get wealthier and move out into wc and residential suburbs, they become more friendly and there is less crime.
- Can neighbours and neighbourliness tackle crime? Social control, witnesses, morality. Trust/loyalty, sense of belonging.
collective efficacy
- Social ecology: the neighbourhood effect.
- Community macro > individual factors.
THREE factors in a deletarious neighbourhood:
- 1) low economic status
- 2) ethnic heterogeneity
- 3) residential instability. People moving in and out: immigration, arrest and prisons, gentrification.
critique concentric zone/chicago model:
- It =/= relevant to industrial cities in a market economy in mainland europe eg parisian banlieues.
- Cities =/= the product of natural/biotic forces.
- Cities == a [roduct of the modes and relations of capitalism.
- More people= moving back to cities from suburbs (MacDonals and Stokes, 2020)
- There was a small move to suburbs in covid BUT general trend = urbanisation.
- Engels' critique chicago model:
Manchester had unruliness bc people = responding to hardships. Crime= an immature form of revolutionary consciousness. Fight against ‘the Man’.
- Engels: it=/= a matter of social ecology, even though Manchester had concentric zones; it == a response to crises of cap.
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Gentrification:
- They =/= sell homes to non white people, = govt policy. It wouuld bring down retail prices. Race = as much a factor in retail investment as was the condition of the property. = redlines as neighbourhoods with lower value property, whereas white neighbourhoods = shaded in green, and therefore enjoyed investment.
- Public policy decisions give white people access to property, and therefore they could generate wealth, which they use to pay for children’s education. Locked-in privilege.
- ‘The great migration’
- Drake and Cayton 1946.
- Massey and Denton 1993.
- Kenneth B clarke 1965
- Hipp, 2011. Morenoff and sampson 1997. Covington and taylor 1989, johnson and kane 2018. Stretesky et al 2004. Krivo et al 2009. Johnson and kane 2018.
- Gentrification = coined by Ruth Glass 1964. Neighbourhoods in London = invaded by mc and uc, because of the relative affordability, the Centrla business district (CBD) and the architecture of the housing.
- Effects of gentrification: class envy, racial tensions, poor live near the wealthy, the a chanfe in social norms, Macdonald and Stokes (2020).
- Glaeser et al 2018, low end retail and bars = changed to upscale establishments.
- Barton et al 2020, classified neighbourhoods as gentrified IF: 1) high rates of poverty at the beginning of the temporal period. 2) increases in: college education, medianincome, rent, and. 3) the presences of white residents at the end of the period.
- Cullen and Levitt (1999) 10% increase in central city crime corresponds with a 1% reduction in the central city population. Cited in ellen, horn , and reed 2019).